Pharmacology

Drug Discovery Drug discovery is the process of identifying and developing new medications to treat diseases and improve human health.  It involves a series of scientific and technological steps to identify potential drug candidates, evaluate their safety and efficacy , and bring them to market for clinical use.  The process typically involves several stages and interdisciplinary collaboration among researchers, chemists, biologists, pharmacologists, and clinicians. The drug discovery process can be summarized into the following steps: 1. Target Identification The first step is to identify a specific biological target, such as a protein or enzyme, that is involved in a disease process. This target is often selected based on its known association with the disease or its potential role in disease progression. 2. Lead Discovery In this stage, scientists search for molecules or compounds that have the potential to interact with the identified target. This is typically done through high-thr

Common laboratory techniques used in animal studies include blood withdrawal, serum and plasma separation, anesthetics, and euthanasia. Blood withdrawal  Blood withdrawal is the process of collecting blood samples from animals for various analyses and research purposes.  It is typically performed using aseptic techniques and specialized equipment such as syringes and needles.  The collected blood can be used for hematological, biochemical, or immunological investigations, providing valuable insights into the animal's health and physiological parameters. There are several methods for collecting blood from experimental animals, depending on the specific requirements of the study and the species of animals involved. Here are some common methods for blood collection. Venipuncture This is the most common method for blood collection in animals. It involves accessing a peripheral vein, typically in the tail, ear, wing, or leg, using a syringe and needle. The site is usually prepared