Pharmacy Notes | Pharmacology | Anatomy Physiology | Exam Revison

Introduction The study aims to investigate the effect of drugs on the ciliary motility of the frog esophagus. Ciliary motility refers to the rhythmic and coordinated movement of cilia, which are hair-like structures present on the surface of cells in the esophagus. The ciliary movement plays a crucial role in transporting mucus and other substances along the esophageal lining. Requirements Animal: Frog Drugs: Acetylcholine, Physostigmine, Atropine Physiological Salt Solution: Frog's Ringer Solution Equipment: Frog board, and Poppy seeds Procedure Decapitate the frog and pin the frog to the frog board on its back. Pin the lower jaw to the abdomen cutting sufficiently the buccal cavity and exposing the esophagus. Keep the buccal cavity and the opening of the esophagus wet by irrigating it with Ringer solution. Fix two parts i.e., first the beginning point at the beginning of the esophagus and the endpoint. Keep this distance constant to measure the time taken by the poppy seed t...

Aim: To study of effect of hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers on the phenobarbitone sleeping time in mice. Principle Hypnosis is a natural sleep process, and substances or medications that induce it are referred to as hypnotic agents. While this concept primarily applies to human patients, in animal experiments, the term "hypnotic" is used to describe a deeper stage of central depression that leads to unconsciousness, accompanied by the loss of righting reflexes and muscle tone.  The term "loss of righting reflex" is commonly used to describe the animal's state of "sleep," characterized by the inability to correct its posture when placed on its back. Normally, animals instinctively turn their bodies so that their paws or feet are positioned towards the ground—an action known as the righting reflex. The righting reflex relies on the proper functioning of the vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive systems.  Materials and Methods Materials Animal/species ...

There are several routes of drug administration that can be used depending on the specific research objectives and the properties of the drug.  Here are some common routes of drug administration in mice and rats:  Fig. Different Routes of Drug Administrations   1. Oral Administration : This is one of the most common routes of drug administration. The drug is administered through the mouth using techniques such as gavage (using a specially designed tube) or mixing the drug with food or drinking water. This route is convenient and mimics oral drug intake in humans.    2. Intraperitoneal (IP) Injection : In this method, the drug is injected into the peritoneal cavity, which is the space surrounding the abdominal organs. This route allows for rapid absorption and is suitable for drugs that are not well-absorbed orally or need systemic distribution.  3. Subcutaneous (SC) Injection: Subcutaneous injection involves delivering the drug into the layer of tissue jus...

Common laboratory techniques used in animal studies include blood withdrawal, serum and plasma separation, anesthetics, and euthanasia. Blood withdrawal  Blood withdrawal is the process of collecting blood samples from animals for various analyses and research purposes.  It is typically performed using aseptic techniques and specialized equipment such as syringes and needles.  The collected blood can be used for hematological, biochemical, or immunological investigations, providing valuable insights into the animal's health and physiological parameters. There are several methods for collecting blood from experimental animals, depending on the specific requirements of the study and the species of animals involved. Here are some common methods for blood collection. Venipuncture This is the most common method for blood collection in animals. It involves accessing a peripheral vein, typically in the tail, ear, wing, or leg, using a syringe and needle. The site is usuall...